Hello, recently i started programming AVR mcus and ran in to few questions regarding compilation and linking. I am a looking for some resources that talk about linker files, assembly and etc. Maybe some one who has expirience with this topics can point me int he right direction.
This goes through the basics:
https://www3.ntu.edu.sg/home/ehc...
Note that the techniques described are common for most compilers and not specific to AVRs. There is a wealth of information about gcc and how it works.
Regarding the specifics of avr-gcc, maybe look here:
https://www.nongnu.org/avr-libc/
and here:
https://www.microchip.com/webdoc...
There used to be a great diagram showing all the build steps and how they relate. I've posted it here a couple of times. I tried googling but could not find it but did find...
and also
which actually seem very similar anyway.
I was actually more curios about the linker files, and the documentation for avr-gcc. i dont know if i unlearned how to google, but seems it is hard to find good pice of information
I was actually more curios about the linker files... it is hard to find good pice of information
Some of what it sounds like you're interested in is not so much "avr-gcc" as just plain "gcc", so you need to back up and find documentation for gcc, rather than looking in the documentation for avr, that will tend to be geared toward the specifics of the embedded environment.
The larger gcc is very generic. For example http://www.scoberlin.de/content/media/http/informatik/gcc_docs/ld_3.html
I was actually more curios about the linker files
Do you mean linker scripts ?
ie, the file that tells the linker how to lay out the code & data in memory?
https://www.phaedsys.com/principals/emprog/emprogdata/thunderbench-Linker-Script-guide.pdf
There used to be a great diagram showing all the build steps and how they relate. I've posted it here a couple of times
Is this the one you were looking for:
https://www.avrfreaks.net/commen...
In looking for that, I also found:
and
https://www.avrfreaks.net/forum/atmel-studio-4-problem-looking-elf-file
which links to another of your posts using the 1st diagram:
https://www.avrfreaks.net/commen...
#GccToolchainFlow
Is this the one you were looking for:
I was actually more curios about the linker files, and the documentation for avr-gcc.
In every installation of avr-gcc/binutils, alongside the binary you should find:
C:\Program Files (x86)\Atmel\Studio\7.0\toolchain\avr8\avr8-gnu-toolchain\doc>tree /f
Folder PATH listing for volume OSDISK
Volume serial number is 00000216 7AF3:B2D0
C:.
├───avr-libc
│ │ avr-libc-user-manual.pdf
│ │
│ ├───avr-libc-user-manual
│ │ acks.html
│ │ alloca_8h_source.html
│ │ annotated.html
│ │ assembler.html
│ │ assert_8h.html
│ │ assert_8h_source.html
│ │ atoi_8S.html
│ │ atol_8S.html
│ │ atomic_8h.html
│ │ atomic_8h_source.html
│ │ avrs.png
│ │ benchmarks.html
│ │ boot_8h.html
│ │ boot_8h_source.html
│ │ classes.html
│ │ compat_2twi_8h_source.html
│ │ cpufunc_8h.html
│ │ cpufunc_8h_source.html
│ │ crc16_8h.html
│ │ crc16_8h_source.html
│ │ ctype_8h.html
│ │ ctype_8h_source.html
│ │ defines_8h_source.html
│ │ delay_8h.html
│ │ delay_8h_source.html
│ │ delay__basic_8h.html
│ │ delay__basic_8h_source.html
│ │ demo.png
│ │ deprecated.html
│ │ deprecated_8h_source.html
│ │ doxygen.css
│ │ doxygen.png
│ │ dtoa__conv_8h_source.html
│ │ eedef_8h_source.html
│ │ eeprom_8h_source.html
│ │ ephemera__common_8h_source.html
│ │ errno_8h.html
│ │ errno_8h_source.html
│ │ eu__dst_8h_source.html
│ │ FAQ.html
│ │ fdevopen_8c.html
│ │ files.html
│ │ functions.html
│ │ functions_vars.html
│ │ fuse_8h.html
│ │ fuse_8h_source.html
│ │ globals.html
│ │ globals_0x61.html
│ │ globals_0x62.html
│ │ globals_0x63.html
│ │ globals_0x64.html
│ │ globals_0x65.html
│ │ globals_0x66.html
│ │ globals_0x67.html
│ │ globals_0x68.html
│ │ globals_0x69.html
│ │ globals_0x6c.html
│ │ globals_0x6d.html
│ │ globals_0x6e.html
│ │ globals_0x6f.html
│ │ globals_0x70.html
│ │ globals_0x71.html
│ │ globals_0x72.html
│ │ globals_0x73.html
│ │ globals_0x74.html
│ │ globals_0x75.html
│ │ globals_0x76.html
│ │ globals_0x77.html
│ │ globals_defs.html
│ │ globals_defs_0x61.html
│ │ globals_defs_0x62.html
│ │ globals_defs_0x63.html
│ │ globals_defs_0x64.html
│ │ globals_defs_0x65.html
│ │ globals_defs_0x66.html
│ │ globals_defs_0x67.html
│ │ globals_defs_0x68.html
│ │ globals_defs_0x69.html
│ │ globals_defs_0x6c.html
│ │ globals_defs_0x6d.html
│ │ globals_defs_0x6e.html
│ │ globals_defs_0x6f.html
│ │ globals_defs_0x70.html
│ │ globals_defs_0x72.html
│ │ globals_defs_0x73.html
│ │ globals_defs_0x74.html
│ │ globals_defs_0x75.html
│ │ globals_defs_0x77.html
│ │ globals_enum.html
│ │ globals_func.html
│ │ globals_func_0x61.html
│ │ globals_func_0x62.html
│ │ globals_func_0x63.html
│ │ globals_func_0x64.html
│ │ globals_func_0x65.html
│ │ globals_func_0x66.html
│ │ globals_func_0x67.html
│ │ globals_func_0x68.html
│ │ globals_func_0x69.html
│ │ globals_func_0x6c.html
│ │ globals_func_0x6d.html
│ │ globals_func_0x70.html
│ │ globals_func_0x71.html
│ │ globals_func_0x72.html
│ │ globals_func_0x73.html
│ │ globals_func_0x74.html
│ │ globals_func_0x75.html
│ │ globals_func_0x76.html
│ │ globals_func_0x77.html
│ │ globals_type.html
│ │ globals_vars.html
│ │ group__alloca.html
│ │ group__asmdemo.html
│ │ group__avr__assert.html
│ │ group__avr__boot.html
│ │ group__avr__cpufunc.html
│ │ group__avr__eeprom.html
│ │ group__avr__errno.html
│ │ group__avr__fuse.html
│ │ group__avr__interrupts.html
│ │ group__avr__inttypes.html
│ │ group__avr__io.html
│ │ group__avr__lock.html
│ │ group__avr__math.html
│ │ group__avr__pgmspace.html
│ │ group__avr__power.html
│ │ group__avr__sfr.html
│ │ group__avr__sfr__notes.html
│ │ group__avr__signature.html
│ │ group__avr__sleep.html
│ │ group__avr__stdint.html
│ │ group__avr__stdio.html
│ │ group__avr__stdlib.html
│ │ group__avr__string.html
│ │ group__avr__time.html
│ │ group__avr__version.html
│ │ group__avr__watchdog.html
│ │ group__compat__ina90.html
│ │ group__ctype.html
│ │ group__demos.html
│ │ group__demo__project.html
│ │ group__deprecated__items.html
│ │ group__largedemo.html
│ │ group__setjmp.html
│ │ group__stdiodemo.html
│ │ group__twi__demo.html
│ │ group__util__atomic.html
│ │ group__util__crc.html
│ │ group__util__delay.html
│ │ group__util__delay__basic.html
│ │ group__util__parity.html
│ │ group__util__setbaud.html
│ │ group__util__twi.html
│ │ hd44780_8h_source.html
│ │ ina90_8h_source.html
│ │ index.html
│ │ inline__asm.html
│ │ install__tools.html
│ │ interrupt_8h.html
│ │ interrupt_8h_source.html
│ │ inttypes_8h.html
│ │ inttypes_8h_source.html
│ │ iocompat_8h_source.html
│ │ io_8h.html
│ │ io_8h_source.html
│ │ largedemo-setup.jpg
│ │ largedemo-wiring.jpg
│ │ largedemo-wiring2.jpg
│ │ lcd_8h_source.html
│ │ library.html
│ │ lock_8h.html
│ │ lock_8h_source.html
│ │ malloc-std.png
│ │ malloc-x1.png
│ │ malloc-x2.png
│ │ malloc.html
│ │ math_8h.html
│ │ math_8h_source.html
│ │ mem__sections.html
│ │ modules.html
│ │ optimization.html
│ │ overview.html
│ │ pages.html
│ │ parity_8h.html
│ │ parity_8h_source.html
│ │ pgmspace.html
│ │ pgmspace_8h.html
│ │ pgmspace_8h_source.html
│ │ porting.html
│ │ portpins_8h_source.html
│ │ power_8h.html
│ │ power_8h_source.html
│ │ project_8h_source.html
│ │ releases.png
│ │ release__method.html
│ │ setbaud_8h.html
│ │ setbaud_8h_source.html
│ │ setjmp_8h.html
│ │ setjmp_8h_source.html
│ │ sfr__defs_8h_source.html
│ │ signal_8h_source.html
│ │ signature_8h.html
│ │ signature_8h_source.html
│ │ sleep_8h.html
│ │ sleep_8h_source.html
│ │ stdint_8h.html
│ │ stdint_8h_source.html
│ │ stdiodemo-setup.jpg
│ │ stdio_8h.html
│ │ stdio_8h_source.html
│ │ stdio__private_8h_source.html
│ │ stdlib_8h.html
│ │ stdlib_8h_source.html
│ │ stdlib__private_8h_source.html
│ │ string_8h.html
│ │ string_8h_source.html
│ │ structdiv__t.html
│ │ structldiv__t.html
│ │ structtm.html
│ │ structweek__date.html
│ │ tabs.css
│ │ time_8h.html
│ │ time_8h_source.html
│ │ todo.html
│ │ uart_8h_source.html
│ │ usa__dst_8h_source.html
│ │ using__avrprog.html
│ │ using__tools.html
│ │ util_2twi_8h.html
│ │ util_2twi_8h_source.html
│ │ version_8h_source.html
│ │ wdt_8h.html
│ │ wdt_8h_source.html
│ │ xmega_8h_source.html
│ │ xtoa__fast_8h_source.html
│ │
│ └───examples
│ ├───asmdemo
│ │ asmdemo.c
│ │ isrs.S
│ │ Makefile
│ │ project.h
│ │
│ ├───demo
│ │ demo.c
│ │ iocompat.h
│ │ Makefile
│ │
│ ├───largedemo
│ │ largedemo.c
│ │ Makefile
│ │
│ ├───stdiodemo
│ │ defines.h
│ │ hd44780.c
│ │ hd44780.h
│ │ lcd.c
│ │ lcd.h
│ │ Makefile
│ │ stdiodemo.c
│ │ uart.c
│ │ uart.h
│ │
│ └───twitest
│ Makefile
│ twitest.c
│
└───binutils
│ libiberty.html
│
├───as.html
│ a.html
│ AArch64-Directives.html
│ AArch64-Extensions.html
│ AArch64-Floating-Point.html
│ AArch64-Mapping-Symbols.html
│ AArch64-Opcodes.html
│ AArch64-Options.html
│ AArch64-Syntax.html
│ AArch64_002dChars.html
│ AArch64_002dDependent.html
│ AArch64_002dRegs.html
│ AArch64_002dRelocations.html
│ ABORT-_0028COFF_0029.html
│ Abort.html
│ Absolute-Literals-Directive.html
│ Acknowledgements.html
│ Align.html
│ Alpha-Directives.html
│ Alpha-Floating-Point.html
│ Alpha-Notes.html
│ Alpha-Opcodes.html
│ Alpha-Options.html
│ Alpha-Syntax.html
│ Alpha_002dChars.html
│ Alpha_002dDependent.html
│ Alpha_002dRegs.html
│ Alpha_002dRelocs.html
│ alternate.html
│ Altmacro.html
│ ARC-Directives.html
│ ARC-Modifiers.html
│ ARC-Opcodes.html
│ ARC-Options.html
│ ARC-Symbols.html
│ ARC-Syntax.html
│ ARC_002dChars.html
│ ARC_002dDependent.html
│ ARC_002dRegs.html
│ Arguments.html
│ ARM-Directives.html
│ ARM-Floating-Point.html
│ ARM-Mapping-Symbols.html
│ ARM-Opcodes.html
│ ARM-Options.html
│ ARM-Syntax.html
│ ARM-Unwinding-Tutorial.html
│ ARM_002dChars.html
│ ARM_002dDependent.html
│ ARM_002dInstruction_002dSet.html
│ ARM_002dNeon_002dAlignment.html
│ ARM_002dRegs.html
│ ARM_002dRelocations.html
│ arm_005ffnend.html
│ arm_005ffnstart.html
│ arm_005fpad.html
│ arm_005fsave.html
│ arm_005fsetfp.html
│ AS-Index.html
│ As-Sections.html
│ Ascii.html
│ Asciz.html
│ AVR-Opcodes.html
│ AVR-Options.html
│ AVR-Syntax.html
│ AVR_002dChars.html
│ AVR_002dDependent.html
│ AVR_002dModifiers.html
│ AVR_002dRegs.html
│ a_002eout-Symbols.html
│ Balign.html
│ Bignums.html
│ Blackfin-Directives.html
│ Blackfin-Options.html
│ Blackfin-Syntax.html
│ Blackfin_002dDependent.html
│ bss.html
│ Bug-Criteria.html
│ Bug-Reporting.html
│ Bundle-directives.html
│ Byte.html
│ callj_002di960.html
│ CFI-directives.html
│ Characters.html
│ Chars.html
│ COFF-Symbols.html
│ Comm.html
│ Command-Line.html
│ Comments.html
│ Compare_002dand_002dbranch_002di960.html
│ Constants.html
│ CR16-Operand-Qualifiers.html
│ CR16-Syntax.html
│ CR16_002dChars.html
│ CR16_002dDependent.html
│ crisnous.html
│ crispic.html
│ CRIS_002dChars.html
│ CRIS_002dDependent.html
│ CRIS_002dExpand.html
│ CRIS_002dOpts.html
│ CRIS_002dPic.html
│ CRIS_002dPseudos.html
│ CRIS_002dRegs.html
│ CRIS_002dSymbols.html
│ CRIS_002dSyntax.html
│ D.html
│ D10V_002dAddressing.html
│ D10V_002dChars.html
│ D10V_002dDependent.html
│ D10V_002dFloat.html
│ D10V_002dOpcodes.html
│ D10V_002dOpts.html
│ D10V_002dRegs.html
│ D10V_002dSize.html
│ D10V_002dSubs.html
│ D10V_002dSyntax.html
│ D10V_002dWord.html
│ D30V_002dAddressing.html
│ D30V_002dChars.html
│ D30V_002dDependent.html
│ D30V_002dFloat.html
│ D30V_002dGuarded.html
│ D30V_002dOpcodes.html
│ D30V_002dOpts.html
│ D30V_002dRegs.html
│ D30V_002dSize.html
│ D30V_002dSubs.html
│ D30V_002dSyntax.html
│ Data.html
│ Def.html
│ Defining-New-Object-Attributes.html
│ Density-Instructions.html
│ Deprecated.html
│ Desc.html
│ Dim.html
│ Directives_002di860.html
│ Directives_002di960.html
│ Dot.html
│ Double.html
│ Eject.html
│ Else.html
│ Elseif.html
│ Empty-Exprs.html
│ End.html
│ Endef.html
│ Endfunc.html
│ Endif.html
│ Epiphany-Options.html
│ Epiphany-Syntax.html
│ Epiphany_002dChars.html
│ Epiphany_002dDependent.html
│ Equ.html
│ Equiv.html
│ Eqv.html
│ Err.html
│ Error.html
│ Errors.html
│ ESA_002f390-Directives.html
│ ESA_002f390-Floating-Point.html
│ ESA_002f390-Notes.html
│ ESA_002f390-Opcodes.html
│ ESA_002f390-Options.html
│ ESA_002f390-Syntax.html
│ ESA_002f390_002dDependent.html
│ Exitm.html
│ Expressions.html
│ Extern.html
│ f.html
│ Fail.html
│ File.html
│ Fill.html
│ Float.html
│ Floating-Point_002di960.html
│ Flonums.html
│ Func.html
│ Global.html
│ GNU-Assembler.html
│ GNU-Free-Documentation-License.html
│ GNU-Object-Attributes.html
│ Gnu_005fattribute.html
│ GREG_002dbase.html
│ H8_002f300-Directives.html
│ H8_002f300-Floating-Point.html
│ H8_002f300-Opcodes.html
│ H8_002f300-Options.html
│ H8_002f300-Syntax.html
│ H8_002f300_002dAddressing.html
│ H8_002f300_002dChars.html
│ H8_002f300_002dDependent.html
│ H8_002f300_002dRegs.html
│ Hidden.html
│ HPPA-Directives.html
│ HPPA-Floating-Point.html
│ HPPA-Notes.html
│ HPPA-Opcodes.html
│ HPPA-Options.html
│ HPPA-Syntax.html
│ HPPA_002dDependent.html
│ hword.html
│ I.html
│ i386_002d16bit.html
│ i386_002dArch.html
│ i386_002dBMI.html
│ i386_002dBugs.html
│ i386_002dChars.html
│ i386_002dDependent.html
│ i386_002dDirectives.html
│ i386_002dFloat.html
│ i386_002dJumps.html
│ i386_002dLWP.html
│ i386_002dMemory.html
│ i386_002dMnemonics.html
│ i386_002dNotes.html
│ i386_002dOptions.html
│ i386_002dPrefixes.html
│ i386_002dRegs.html
│ i386_002dSIMD.html
│ i386_002dSyntax.html
│ i386_002dTBM.html
│ i386_002dVariations.html
│ i860_002dChars.html
│ i860_002dDependent.html
│ i960_002dChars.html
│ i960_002dDependent.html
│ IA_002d64-Opcodes.html
│ IA_002d64-Options.html
│ IA_002d64-Syntax.html
│ IA_002d64_002dBits.html
│ IA_002d64_002dChars.html
│ IA_002d64_002dDependent.html
│ IA_002d64_002dRegs.html
│ IA_002d64_002dRelocs.html
│ Ident.html
│ If.html
│ Incbin.html
│ Include.html
│ index.html
│ Infix-Ops.html
│ Input-Files.html
│ Int.html
│ Integer-Exprs.html
│ Integers.html
│ Internal.html
│ Invoking.html
│ IP2K_002dChars.html
│ IP2K_002dDependent.html
│ IP2K_002dOpts.html
│ IP2K_002dSyntax.html
│ Irp.html
│ Irpc.html
│ K.html
│ L.html
│ Labels.html
│ Lcomm.html
│ Ld-Sections.html
│ Lflags.html
│ Line.html
│ Linkonce.html
│ List.html
│ listing.html
│ Literal-Directive.html
│ Literal-Position-Directive.html
│ Literal-Prefix-Directive.html
│ LM32-Opcodes.html
│ LM32-Options.html
│ LM32-Syntax.html
│ LM32_002dChars.html
│ LM32_002dDependent.html
│ LM32_002dModifiers.html
│ LM32_002dRegs.html
│ Ln.html
│ Loc.html
│ Local.html
│ Loc_005fmark_005flabels.html
│ Long.html
│ Longcalls-Directive.html
│ M.html
│ M32C_002dChars.html
│ M32C_002dDependent.html
│ M32C_002dModifiers.html
│ M32C_002dOpts.html
│ M32C_002dSyntax.html
│ M32R_002dDependent.html
│ M32R_002dDirectives.html
│ M32R_002dOpts.html
│ M32R_002dWarnings.html
│ M68HC11_002dBranch.html
│ M68HC11_002dDependent.html
│ M68HC11_002dDirectives.html
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│ M68HC11_002dModifiers.html
│ M68HC11_002dopcodes.html
│ M68HC11_002dOpts.html
│ M68HC11_002dSyntax.html
│ M68K_002dBranch.html
│ M68K_002dChars.html
│ M68K_002dDependent.html
│ M68K_002dDirectives.html
│ M68K_002dFloat.html
│ M68K_002dMoto_002dSyntax.html
│ M68K_002dopcodes.html
│ M68K_002dOpts.html
│ M68K_002dSyntax.html
│ Machine-Dependencies.html
│ Macro.html
│ Manual.html
│ march_002doption.html
│ MD.html
│ Meta-Options.html
│ Meta-Syntax.html
│ Meta_002dChars.html
│ Meta_002dDependent.html
│ Meta_002dRegs.html
│ MicroBlaze-Directives.html
│ MicroBlaze-Syntax.html
│ MicroBlaze_002dChars.html
│ MicroBlaze_002dDependent.html
│ MIPS-ASE-Instruction-Generation-Overrides.html
│ MIPS-assembly-options.html
│ MIPS-autoextend.html
│ MIPS-Floating_002dPoint.html
│ MIPS-FP-ABI-Compatibility.html
│ MIPS-FP-ABI-History.html
│ MIPS-FP-ABI-Selection.html
│ MIPS-FP-ABI-Variants.html
│ MIPS-FP-ABIs.html
│ MIPS-insn.html
│ MIPS-ISA.html
│ MIPS-Macros.html
│ MIPS-NaN-Encodings.html
│ MIPS-Option-Stack.html
│ MIPS-Options.html
│ MIPS-Small-Data.html
│ MIPS-Symbol-Sizes.html
│ MIPS-Syntax.html
│ MIPS_002dChars.html
│ MIPS_002dDependent.html
│ mmixsite.html
│ MMIX_002dbyte.html
│ MMIX_002dChars.html
│ MMIX_002dconstants.html
│ MMIX_002dDependent.html
│ MMIX_002dExpand.html
│ MMIX_002dgreg.html
│ MMIX_002dis.html
│ MMIX_002dloc.html
│ MMIX_002dlocal.html
│ MMIX_002dmmixal.html
│ MMIX_002dOpts.html
│ MMIX_002dprefix.html
│ MMIX_002dPseudos.html
│ MMIX_002dRegs.html
│ MMIX_002dspec.html
│ MMIX_002dSymbols.html
│ MMIX_002dSyntax.html
│ MRI.html
│ MSP430-Directives.html
│ MSP430-Floating-Point.html
│ MSP430-Opcodes.html
│ MSP430-Options.html
│ MSP430-Profiling-Capability.html
│ MSP430-Syntax.html
│ MSP430_002dChars.html
│ MSP430_002dDependent.html
│ MSP430_002dExt.html
│ MSP430_002dMacros.html
│ MSP430_002dRegs.html
│ NDS32-Options.html
│ NDS32-Syntax.html
│ NDS32_002dChars.html
│ NDS32_002dDependent.html
│ NDS32_002dOps.html
│ NDS32_002dRegs.html
│ Nios-II-Chars.html
│ Nios-II-Directives.html
│ Nios-II-Opcodes.html
│ Nios-II-Options.html
│ Nios-II-Relocations.html
│ Nios-II-Syntax.html
│ NiosII_002dDependent.html
│ Noaltmacro.html
│ Nolist.html
│ Notes_002di860.html
│ NS32K-Syntax.html
│ NS32K_002dChars.html
│ NS32K_002dDependent.html
│ Numbers.html
│ o.html
│ Object-Attributes.html
│ Object-Formats.html
│ Object.html
│ Octa.html
│ Offset.html
│ Opcodes-for-i860.html
│ Opcodes-for-i960.html
│ Operators.html
│ Options_002di860.html
│ Options_002di960.html
│ Org.html
│ Overview.html
│ P2align.html
│ PDP_002d11_002dDependent.html
│ PDP_002d11_002dMnemonics.html
│ PDP_002d11_002dOptions.html
│ PDP_002d11_002dPseudos.html
│ PDP_002d11_002dSyntax.html
│ PDP_002d11_002dSynthetic.html
│ PJ-Options.html
│ PJ-Syntax.html
│ PJ_002dChars.html
│ PJ_002dDependent.html
│ PopSection.html
│ PowerPC_002dChars.html
│ PowerPC_002dOpts.html
│ PowerPC_002dPseudo.html
│ PowerPC_002dSyntax.html
│ PPC_002dDependent.html
│ Prefix-Ops.html
│ Preprocessing.html
│ Previous.html
│ Print.html
│ Protected.html
│ Pseudo-Ops.html
│ Psize.html
│ Purgem.html
│ PushSection.html
│ Quad.html
│ R.html
│ Reloc.html
│ Reporting-Bugs.html
│ Rept.html
│ RL78_002dChars.html
│ RL78_002dDependent.html
│ RL78_002dDirectives.html
│ RL78_002dModifiers.html
│ RL78_002dOpts.html
│ RL78_002dSyntax.html
│ RX_002dChars.html
│ RX_002dDependent.html
│ RX_002dDirectives.html
│ RX_002dFloat.html
│ RX_002dModifiers.html
│ RX_002dOpts.html
│ RX_002dSyntax.html
│ s390-Aliases.html
│ s390-Characters.html
│ s390-Directives.html
│ s390-Floating-Point.html
│ s390-Formats.html
│ s390-Instruction-Marker.html
│ s390-Literal-Pool-Entries.html
│ s390-Mnemonics.html
│ s390-Operand-Modifier.html
│ s390-Operands.html
│ s390-Options.html
│ s390-Register.html
│ s390-Syntax.html
│ Sbttl.html
│ Schedule-Directive.html
│ Scl.html
│ SCORE_002dChars.html
│ SCORE_002dDependent.html
│ SCORE_002dOpts.html
│ SCORE_002dPseudo.html
│ SCORE_002dSyntax.html
│ Secs-Background.html
│ Section-Name-Substitutions.html
│ Section.html
│ Sections.html
│ Set.html
│ Setting-Symbols.html
│ SH-Directives.html
│ SH-Floating-Point.html
│ SH-Opcodes.html
│ SH-Options.html
│ SH-Syntax.html
│ SH64-Directives.html
│ SH64-Opcodes.html
│ SH64-Options.html
│ SH64-Syntax.html
│ SH64_002dAddressing.html
│ SH64_002dChars.html
│ SH64_002dDependent.html
│ SH64_002dRegs.html
│ Short.html
│ SH_002dAddressing.html
│ SH_002dChars.html
│ SH_002dDependent.html
│ SH_002dRegs.html
│ Single.html
│ Size.html
│ Skip.html
│ Sleb128.html
│ SOM-Symbols.html
│ Space.html
│ Sparc_002dAligned_002dData.html
│ Sparc_002dChars.html
│ Sparc_002dConstants.html
│ Sparc_002dDependent.html
│ Sparc_002dDirectives.html
│ Sparc_002dFloat.html
│ Sparc_002dOpts.html
│ Sparc_002dRegs.html
│ Sparc_002dRelocs.html
│ Sparc_002dSize_002dTranslations.html
│ Sparc_002dSyntax.html
│ Stab.html
│ Statements.html
│ statistics.html
│ String.html
│ Strings.html
│ Struct.html
│ SubSection.html
│ Sub_002dSections.html
│ Symbol-Attributes.html
│ Symbol-Desc.html
│ Symbol-Intro.html
│ Symbol-Names.html
│ Symbol-Other.html
│ Symbol-Type.html
│ Symbol-Value.html
│ Symbols.html
│ Symver.html
│ Syntax-of-i860.html
│ Syntax-of-i960.html
│ Syntax.html
│ S_002f390_002dDependent.html
│ Tag.html
│ Text.html
│ TIC54X_002dBlock.html
│ TIC54X_002dBuiltins.html
│ TIC54X_002dChars.html
│ TIC54X_002dConstants.html
│ TIC54X_002dDependent.html
│ TIC54X_002dDirectives.html
│ TIC54X_002dEnv.html
│ TIC54X_002dExt.html
│ TIC54X_002dLocals.html
│ TIC54X_002dMacros.html
│ TIC54X_002dMMRegs.html
│ TIC54X_002dOpts.html
│ TIC54X_002dSubsyms.html
│ TIC54X_002dSyntax.html
│ TIC6X-Directives.html
│ TIC6X-Options.html
│ TIC6X-Syntax.html
│ TIC6X_002dDependent.html
│ TILEPro-Directives.html
│ TILEPro-Modifiers.html
│ TILEPro-Opcodes.html
│ TILEPro-Options.html
│ TILEPro-Registers.html
│ TILEPro-Syntax.html
│ TILEPro_002dDependent.html
│ TILE_002dGx-Directives.html
│ TILE_002dGx-Modifiers.html
│ TILE_002dGx-Opcodes.html
│ TILE_002dGx-Options.html
│ TILE_002dGx-Registers.html
│ TILE_002dGx-Syntax.html
│ TILE_002dGx_002dDependent.html
│ Title.html
│ traditional_002dformat.html
│ Transform-Directive.html
│ Type.html
│ Uleb128.html
│ v.html
│ V850-Directives.html
│ V850-Floating-Point.html
│ V850-Opcodes.html
│ V850-Options.html
│ V850-Syntax.html
│ V850_002dChars.html
│ V850_002dDependent.html
│ V850_002dRegs.html
│ Val.html
│ VAX_002dbranch.html
│ VAX_002dChars.html
│ Vax_002dDependent.html
│ VAX_002ddirectives.html
│ VAX_002dfloat.html
│ VAX_002dno.html
│ VAX_002dopcodes.html
│ VAX_002doperands.html
│ VAX_002dOpts.html
│ VAX_002dSyntax.html
│ Version.html
│ Visium-Characters.html
│ Visium-Opcodes.html
│ Visium-Options.html
│ Visium-Registers.html
│ Visium-Syntax.html
│ Visium_002dDependent.html
│ VTableEntry.html
│ VTableInherit.html
│ W.html
│ Warning.html
│ Weak.html
│ Weakref.html
│ Whitespace.html
│ Word.html
│ XGATE_002dDependent.html
│ XGATE_002dDirectives.html
│ XGATE_002dFloat.html
│ XGATE_002dopcodes.html
│ XGATE_002dOpts.html
│ XGATE_002dSyntax.html
│ XStormy16-Directives.html
│ XStormy16-Opcodes.html
│ XStormy16-Syntax.html
│ XStormy16_002dChars.html
│ XSTORMY16_002dDependent.html
│ Xtensa-Automatic-Alignment.html
│ Xtensa-Branch-Relaxation.html
│ Xtensa-Call-Relaxation.html
│ Xtensa-Directives.html
│ Xtensa-Immediate-Relaxation.html
│ Xtensa-Jump-Relaxation.html
│ Xtensa-Opcodes.html
│ Xtensa-Optimizations.html
│ Xtensa-Options.html
│ Xtensa-Registers.html
│ Xtensa-Relaxation.html
│ Xtensa-Syntax.html
│ Xtensa_002dDependent.html
│ Z.html
│ Z80-Directives.html
│ Z80-Floating-Point.html
│ Z80-Opcodes.html
│ Z80-Options.html
│ Z80-Syntax.html
│ Z8000-Directives.html
│ Z8000-Opcodes.html
│ Z8000-Options.html
│ Z8000-Syntax.html
│ Z8000_002dAddressing.html
│ Z8000_002dChars.html
│ Z8000_002dDependent.html
│ Z8000_002dRegs.html
│ Z80_002dCase.html
│ Z80_002dChars.html
│ Z80_002dDependent.html
│ Z80_002dRegs.html
│ Zero.html
│
├───bfd.html
│ Adding-symbols-from-an-archive.html
│ Adding-symbols-from-an-object-file.html
│ Adding-Symbols-to-the-Hash-Table.html
│ aout.html
│ Architectures.html
│ Archives.html
│ BFD-back-ends.html
│ BFD-front-end.html
│ BFD-Index.html
│ BFD-information-loss.html
│ bfd_005ftarget.html
│ Canonical-format.html
│ coff.html
│ Core-Files.html
│ Creating-a-Linker-Hash-Table.html
│ Creating-and-Freeing-a-Hash-Table.html
│ Define-the-Derived-Structures.html
│ Deriving-a-New-Hash-Table-Type.html
│ Differing-file-formats.html
│ elf.html
│ Error-reporting.html
│ File-Caching.html
│ File-layout.html
│ Formats.html
│ GNU-Free-Documentation-License.html
│ Hash-Tables.html
│ History.html
│ How-It-Works.html
│ howto-manager.html
│ index.html
│ Information-provided-by-the-linker.html
│ Initialization.html
│ Internal.html
│ Linker-Functions.html
│ Looking-Up-or-Entering-a-String.html
│ Memory-Usage.html
│ Mini-Symbols.html
│ Miscellaneous.html
│ mmo-section-mapping.html
│ mmo.html
│ Opening-and-Closing.html
│ Overview.html
│ Performing-the-Final-Link.html
│ Reading-Symbols.html
│ Relocating-the-section-contents.html
│ Relocations.html
│ Section-Input.html
│ Section-Output.html
│ section-prototypes.html
│ Sections.html
│ symbol-handling-functions.html
│ Symbols.html
│ Symbol_002dtable.html
│ Targets.html
│ Traversing-a-Hash-Table.html
│ typedef-arelent.html
│ typedef-asection.html
│ typedef-asymbol.html
│ typedef-bfd.html
│ What-BFD-Version-2-Can-Do.html
│ What-to-Put-Where.html
│ Write-Other-Derived-Routines.html
│ Write-the-Derived-Creation-Routine.html
│ Writing-Symbols.html
│ Writing-the-symbol-table.html
│
├───binutils.html
│ addr2line.html
│ ar-cmdline.html
│ ar-scripts.html
│ ar.html
│ Architecture-Selection.html
│ Binutils-Index.html
│ Bug-Criteria.html
│ Bug-Reporting.html
│ Common-Options.html
│ c_002b_002bfilt.html
│ def-file-format.html
│ dlltool.html
│ elfedit.html
│ GNU-Free-Documentation-License.html
│ index.html
│ nlmconv.html
│ nm.html
│ objcopy.html
│ objdump.html
│ ranlib.html
│ readelf.html
│ Reporting-Bugs.html
│ Selecting-the-Target-System.html
│ size.html
│ strings.html
│ strip.html
│ Target-Selection.html
│ windmc.html
│ windres.html
│
├───gprof.html
│ Analysis-Options.html
│ Annotated-Source.html
│ Assumptions.html
│ Call-Graph.html
│ Callers.html
│ Compiling.html
│ Cycles.html
│ Debugging.html
│ Deprecated-Options.html
│ Details.html
│ Executing.html
│ File-Format.html
│ Flat-Profile.html
│ GNU-Free-Documentation-License.html
│ How-do-I_003f.html
│ Implementation.html
│ Inaccuracy.html
│ Incompatibilities.html
│ index.html
│ Internals.html
│ Introduction.html
│ Invoking.html
│ Line_002dby_002dline.html
│ Miscellaneous-Options.html
│ Output-Options.html
│ Output.html
│ Primary.html
│ Sampling-Error.html
│ Subroutines.html
│ Symspecs.html
│
└───ld.html
ARM.html
Assignments.html
Basic-Script-Concepts.html
BFD-information-loss.html
BFD-outline.html
BFD.html
Bug-Criteria.html
Bug-Reporting.html
Builtin-Functions.html
Canonical-format.html
Constants.html
Entry-Point.html
Environment.html
Evaluation.html
Expression-Section.html
Expressions.html
File-Commands.html
Forced-Input-Alignment.html
Forced-Output-Alignment.html
Format-Commands.html
GNU-Free-Documentation-License.html
H8_002f300.html
HIDDEN.html
HPPA-ELF32.html
i960.html
Implicit-Linker-Scripts.html
index.html
Input-Section-Basics.html
Input-Section-Common.html
Input-Section-Example.html
Input-Section-Keep.html
Input-Section-Wildcards.html
Input-Section.html
Invocation.html
LD-Index.html
Location-Counter.html
M68HC11_002f68HC12.html
M68K.html
Machine-Dependent.html
MEMORY.html
MIPS.html
Miscellaneous-Commands.html
MMIX.html
MRI.html
MSP430.html
NDS32.html
Nios-II.html
Operators.html
Options.html
Orphan-Sections.html
Output-Section-Address.html
Output-Section-Attributes.html
Output-Section-Constraint.html
Output-Section-Data.html
Output-Section-Description.html
Output-Section-Discarding.html
Output-Section-Fill.html
Output-Section-Keywords.html
Output-Section-LMA.html
Output-Section-Name.html
Output-Section-Phdr.html
Output-Section-Region.html
Output-Section-Type.html
Overlay-Description.html
Overview.html
PHDRS.html
PowerPC-ELF32.html
PowerPC64-ELF64.html
PROVIDE.html
PROVIDE_005fHIDDEN.html
REGION_005fALIAS.html
Reporting-Bugs.html
Script-Format.html
Scripts.html
SECTIONS.html
Simple-Assignments.html
Simple-Commands.html
Simple-Example.html
Source-Code-Reference.html
SPU-ELF.html
Symbolic-Constants.html
Symbols.html
TI-COFF.html
VERSION.html
WIN32.html
Xtensa.htmlThe last group, under ld.html are probably what you are looking for.
You can find the above online too. This might be a starting point:
https://www.gnu.org/manual/manual.html
but the online copy is likely to be "latest" (unless you dig deeply) whereas the copy on your drive should be the one that matches the release you are using.