First of all this is a great tutorial. Thanks.
I am a little bit confused though. I am having a project in which I intend to use a menu to interface the uC.
Should I use progmem or eemem. Which one is better for LCD, menu
and a Keyboard?
AVRs by in large don't have much eemem, so unless you needs are small, there is probably not enough room in eemem. If you do fit in eemem, then it is up to you which you use, but I think that most would choose progmem. Reading from eemem takes longer than reading from progmem.
Posted by KirkCharles: Mon. Jan 18, 2010 - 03:03 PM
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Thanks so much for this tutorial. It explains stuff that other authors miss.
May I suggest that you emphasize that PROGMEM assignments MUST be global. It took me quite a while to figure out the warning (which I think should be an error as it breaks all use of the constant)
Thanks
Kirk
Posted by GaryStofer: Mon. May 17, 2010 - 07:19 PM
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Utmost puzzling javascript:emoticon(':shock:')
So I followed this tutorial to put some strings into Program memory and then read them with pgm_read_byte(). While the string is reads correctly (when optimization is not at -Os) I can't explain what I see in the debugger!
The .lss file shows that the string is put in program memory right after the interrupt vector table, at address 0x7c. When I single step with the disassembler I can see that the LPM instruction via the Z pointer reads from address 0x7c.
HOWEVER when I bring up a memory window or scroll the disassembler to 0x7c there is no string. Instead I find the string at address 0x38, apparently right in the middle of the vector table, and I find that address 0x7c is inhabited by code. When I add a break point at 0x00007b the debugger stops there, so I'm clearly executing from there.
javascript:emoticon(':twisted:')
What is going on? Why does it appear that my string in memory is not where the .lss file says it should be and why am I executing code where a strings should be. What magic is this ?
You are mixing up byte and word addresses. The simulator/disassembler presents you everything related to the flash with word addresses, the GNU tools use byte addresses. So 0x7c in the .lss file is 0x3e in the simulator/disassembler.
Posted by chrislego88: Fri. Jun 25, 2010 - 07:47 PM
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What about trying to store data in the bootloader section using PROGMEM? Is there a way to change PROGMEM's start location. I can recall strings and variables just fine from FLASH at 0x00000, but not from the bootloader section.
What about trying to store data in the bootloader section using PROGMEM? Is there a way to change PROGMEM's start location. I can recall strings and variables just fine from FLASH at 0x00000, but not from the bootloader section.
If you write a bootloader then you move the whole Flash stuff by relocating the .text section. This also moves the PROGMEM section. So what is you actual problem?
Or don't you write a bootloader but only want to place some data in the bootloader section (whyever)? Then simply don't use the PROGMEM section. Use your own section and place it there.
Posted by chrislego88: Fri. Jun 25, 2010 - 09:17 PM
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I did relocate the .text section to my boot section. The problem that I am having is trying to recall data from the boot section.
For example,
I run that and it complies but I can never get buf to the init string. So I am not sure why memcpy_P cannot recall the data in FLASH.
const char init[] PROGMEM = "Boot Version";
const char flash[] PROGMEM = "FLASH";
PGM_P table[2] PROGMEM = { init,flash };
int main() {
char buf[32];
PGM_P p;
memcpy_P(&p,&(table[0]),sizeof(PGM_P));
strcpy_P(buf,p);
}
The code complies but I cannot get buf to hold any information. I am not really sure why. I always get the value of p to be 0xFFFF and then it crashes on strcpy_P command.
I don't see any problem. So please be more specific about the context. What mcu? Are you aware that PROGMEM does not work beyond 64k (at least not out-of-the-box)?
Posted by chrislego88: Fri. Jun 25, 2010 - 09:50 PM
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I have a Atxmega128a1 and the boot section starts at 0x020000.
I know that it doesn't work past 64k but my boot section is only 8k, so if I move the .text section to the boot section address I shouldn't have any problems right?
I have a Atxmega128a1 and the boot section starts at 0x020000.
I know that it doesn't work past 64k but my boot section is only 8k, so if I move the .text section to the boot section address I shouldn't have any problems right?
So you don't think that 0x020000 is beyond 0x010000 (64k)?
BTW: I am not familiar with the XMegas. Has an Atxmega128 more than 128k Flash? If not, how then can the boot section start at 0x020000?
EDIT: Forget this. Meanwhile I took a look into the data sheet. ;-)
Posted by Kingofthespill: Tue. Sep 7, 2010 - 12:26 AM
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Thanks for explaining this Dean, ENORMOUSLY helpful.
About the eemem question above (in case your still following the thread) - That portion of memory can tolerate 100000 writes as opposed to 10000 in flash, so ultimately flash seems to me best for constant strings or at strings that rarely change.
Hello, first of all, thanks for the tutorial!
I didn't read the whole thread but did do some quick search in it.
I was wondering if there was an easy way to directly load a resource file into a program memory destination.
for instance, I have the file res.txt with 800 bytes in it. I would like to copy its contents into program memory at address 0x1000, is there any special instructions in avr studio / avr-gcc to do so?
I have the file res.txt with 800 bytes in it. I would like to copy its contents into program memory at address 0x1000, is there any special instructions in avr studio / avr-gcc to do so?
I've found this bin2hex perl script to be really useful for this.
This script encodes any data file (binary or text) into a header suitable for perl, C/C++ or Pascal. So its great for including images, binary data or plain text.
To get C compatible output invoke the script like this:
perl bin2hex.pl res.txt 1 > res.h
Then you just include the header file into your program.
#include "res.h"
Since I had a number of files to convert I wrapped bin2hex in this bash script:
#!/bin/sh
for file in input/*; do
newfile=$(echo $file | sed 's|input/||')
echo "Converting $file to $array PROGMEM"
perl bin2hex.pl $file 1 | sed -e "s/bin_data\[\]/$newfile\[\] PROGMEM/" -e "s/\}/, 0\}/" > output/$newfile.h
done
[edit]The text that starts with "perl" is all one line. Only "done" comes after on a line by itself[/edit]
This converts all of the files in the input/ directory into the output/ directory.
It also changes the name of the array to the name of the file (without extension).
Additionally it adds the PROGMEM attribute to each array, and a NULL termination since I want to deal with the data as a string.
As far as locating the string at a specific address in program memory: Are you sure this is necessary?
Once the header is included you can use the progmem access functions to retreive the data by name.
Hope that helps...
johnea
p.s. I attached the bin2hex.pl script for completeness. Although you'll need to rename bin2hex.txt to bin2hex.pl
I was wondering if i could use PROGMEN with some EEMEM data. I have a huge array with EEPROM data pointers and it seems pity to overload my RAM with these.
Wil something like this work?
I have a quick question, if anyone here can help. I have a program where I have a large configuration struct that houses several different data types. Right now, I have two copies of this struct in EEPROM, which correspond to different configurations. I would like store defaults for each configuration in program memory, so a function like pgm_read_block (analogous to the eeprom_read_block I already use) would be very handy. I saw it mentioned earlier in the thread, but can't find it in pgmspace.h included with WinAVR-20100110. Is it an extension that I could find elsewhere, or will I have to write it myself?
I thinking about what is the best solution for language strings. Example: I have device with lcd display. The device supports 3 languages. There's about ~50 strings for each language (various length).
My idea is (I don't know if its correct) to create 3 different language strings for each text in progmem, sth like:
I don't know if it is efficiently solution, or even correct one.
Looks pretty good to me - obviously the array of pointers itself has to be in RAM not PROGMEM if you plan to change language at run time. But you could keep the initialisers for each language themselves in PROGMEM and do something like a memcpy_P() to copy an entire set of language pointers into place in one go.
But you could keep the initialisers for each language themselves in PROGMEM and do something like a memcpy_P() to copy an entire set of language pointers into place in one go.
great advice, I'll try this, thank you!
edit: I saved over 1.5kB ram only on language strings!
I am using avr-gcc 4.3.5 to compile a cpp sourcecode (inherited from my Arduino environment). The example in the HOWTO leaves me with mismatching typeconversion errors or section type conflicts when I use "const".
Questions:
1. Can we change the flash contents by changing the content of the variable using PROGMEM?
2. If question 1 is Yes, then correct me if I'm wrong, the flash sector has to be erased, then store data to it. So how does it work?
Please help!
I have a Atmega M1284P. Data changeable by user and it's used to store in EEPROM, but now decide to store in flash. Here is my Flash memory organize:
App Region: 0 - 0xFFFF
Data Region: 0x10000 to 0x1DFFF
Boot Region: 0x1E000 to 0x1FFFF
I provide 2 commands to user READ_Data and WRITE_Data with 3 parameters: U16_t ui16Address, U16_t ui16Len, U8_t * pui8Buffer
The READ_Data function has no problem, I can use pgm_read_byte_far( 0x10000 + ui16Addr) where ui16Addr is from 0 to 0xDFFF (used to be the EEPROM address).
For the WRITE_Data function, should I assign Data Region Address of the Flash to be 0x1000 to a PROMEM variable? How can I do it?
When initialize, the data is used to read to RAM data structure variables. To save RAM memory, so now I benefit to use Flash instead.
I don't think we can change the contents of the flash using these two utilities pgmspace.h and morepgmspace.h. We have to use boot_page_erase, boot_page_fill, boot_page_write in
I don't think we can change the contents of the flash using these two utilities pgmspace.h and morepgmspace.h. We have to use boot_page_erase, boot_page_fill, boot_page_write in
Is there my any chance some sort of "test suite" for the pgmspace.h functions and definitions? I'm working on a compatibility shim for non-AVR processors and prospect of testing everything is daunting...
variable ‘__c’ must be const in order to be put into read-only section by means of ‘__attribute__((progmem))’
I've googled it and the only thing I have found at the moment is that this error is fixed in AVRLibC 1.7.1.
But upgrading from my 1.6.8 to 1.7.1 changed nothing.
How could it be fixed?
You should - this thread is only for making improvements/corrections to the original article. Start a thread in GCC. Say whether you are using C or C++ in it.
Thank you Clawson,
SPM doesn't support or disabled in Application Section, it works only in Bootloader Section. So there is NO WAY to change data in the flash when an app is running, user has to jump to BL mode to write data, then jump back to an app section. How do I read the program counter (PC) to save to EEPROM, so I could jump back to the application?
SPM doesn't support or disabled in Application Section, it works only in Bootloader Section. So there is NO WAY to change data in the flash when an app is running, user has to jump to BL mode to write data, then jump back to an app section. How do I read the program counter (PC) to save to EEPROM, so I could jump back to the application?
It's easy to write code that updates the flash at run time. As you say it just needs to use SPM and it has to be located in the bootloader section which is why has the BOOTLOADER_SECTION macro. But this is not the correct thread to be discussing this.
NOTE:
This thread is ONLY for discussing the original article about PROGMEM so I'm going to lock this thread now. If anyone has anything to add to correct/improve the original article then PM js, plons or clawson and ask one of us to temporarily unlock this thread to add your contribution.
error: variable 'MenuItemPointers' must be const in order to be put into read-only section by means of '__attribute__((progmem))'
warning: initialization discards 'const' qualifier from pointer target type [enabled by default]
warning: initialization discards 'const' qualifier from pointer target type [enabled by default]
warning: initialization discards 'const' qualifier from pointer target type [enabled by default]
Quote:
"const" modifier
const is a qualifier
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at first, thanks for the great tutorial, the explanations and all the comments. I've tried to read and understand everything, but...
I am using AVR STUDIO and the ATmega 162. Within a large program, I would like to strip down my SRAM usage and so I have defined a sort of terminal emulation field in the following way, now:
pgm_read_byte needs an address to an array element, not the array element itself.
Thanks, John and Larry. In the end it was kinda obvious ;-)
The two questions in the last part of my recent posting will be concerned elsewhere, right? It rather has to do with the handling and displaying of FLASH locations within AVR STUDIO, not with the PROGMEM attribute itself.
First of all this is a great tutorial. Thanks.
I am a little bit confused though. I am having a project in which I intend to use a menu to interface the uC.
Should I use progmem or eemem. Which one is better for LCD, menu
and a Keyboard?
- Log in or register to post comments
TopAVRs by in large don't have much eemem, so unless you needs are small, there is probably not enough room in eemem. If you do fit in eemem, then it is up to you which you use, but I think that most would choose progmem. Reading from eemem takes longer than reading from progmem.
Regards,
Steve A.
The Board helps those that help themselves.
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Topthanks for the clarification.
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TopHey guys,
Is it possible to implement PROGMEM for AVR32 ?
Regards,
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TopThanks so much for this tutorial. It explains stuff that other authors miss.
May I suggest that you emphasize that PROGMEM assignments MUST be global. It took me quite a while to figure out the warning (which I think should be an error as it breaks all use of the constant)
Thanks
Kirk
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TopUtmost puzzling javascript:emoticon(':shock:')
So I followed this tutorial to put some strings into Program memory and then read them with pgm_read_byte(). While the string is reads correctly (when optimization is not at -Os) I can't explain what I see in the debugger!
The .lss file shows that the string is put in program memory right after the interrupt vector table, at address 0x7c. When I single step with the disassembler I can see that the LPM instruction via the Z pointer reads from address 0x7c.
HOWEVER when I bring up a memory window or scroll the disassembler to 0x7c there is no string. Instead I find the string at address 0x38, apparently right in the middle of the vector table, and I find that address 0x7c is inhabited by code. When I add a break point at 0x00007b the debugger stops there, so I'm clearly executing from there.
javascript:emoticon(':twisted:')
What is going on? Why does it appear that my string in memory is not where the .lss file says it should be and why am I executing code where a strings should be. What magic is this ?
Gary
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TopYou are mixing up byte and word addresses. The simulator/disassembler presents you everything related to the flash with word addresses, the GNU tools use byte addresses. So 0x7c in the .lss file is 0x3e in the simulator/disassembler.
Stefan Ernst
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TopWhat about trying to store data in the bootloader section using PROGMEM? Is there a way to change PROGMEM's start location. I can recall strings and variables just fine from FLASH at 0x00000, but not from the bootloader section.
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TopOr don't you write a bootloader but only want to place some data in the bootloader section (whyever)? Then simply don't use the PROGMEM section. Use your own section and place it there.
Stefan Ernst
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TopI did relocate the .text section to my boot section. The problem that I am having is trying to recall data from the boot section.
For example,
The code complies but I cannot get buf to hold any information. I am not really sure why. I always get the value of p to be 0xFFFF and then it crashes on strcpy_P command.
- Log in or register to post comments
TopI don't see any problem. So please be more specific about the context. What mcu? Are you aware that PROGMEM does not work beyond 64k (at least not out-of-the-box)?
Stefan Ernst
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TopI have a Atxmega128a1 and the boot section starts at 0x020000.
I know that it doesn't work past 64k but my boot section is only 8k, so if I move the .text section to the boot section address I shouldn't have any problems right?
- Log in or register to post comments
TopBTW: I am not familiar with the XMegas. Has an Atxmega128 more than 128k Flash? If not, how then can the boot section start at 0x020000?
EDIT: Forget this. Meanwhile I took a look into the data sheet. ;-)
Stefan Ernst
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TopNo it is beyond 64K but the PROGMEM doesn't travel with the .text section and have it start at 0x020000
If it doesn't then how can I store those strings in my boot section and still be able to recall them?
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TopStefan Ernst
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TopSearch out Carlos Lamas (I may have spelt the wrong?) utilities called morepgmspace.h
EDIT: take a look at this thread:
https://www.avrfreaks.net/index.p...
It may not be the best thread about morepgmspace.h but it includes a post by Carlos which should allow you to easily find his other posts.
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TopThanks a lot those seem to work like a charm.
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TopThanks a lot for the explanation, it has been very usefull for me!!
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TopThanks for explaining this Dean, ENORMOUSLY helpful.
About the eemem question above (in case your still following the thread) - That portion of memory can tolerate 100000 writes as opposed to 10000 in flash, so ultimately flash seems to me best for constant strings or at strings that rarely change.
- Log in or register to post comments
TopHello, first of all, thanks for the tutorial!
I didn't read the whole thread but did do some quick search in it.
I was wondering if there was an easy way to directly load a resource file into a program memory destination.
for instance, I have the file res.txt with 800 bytes in it. I would like to copy its contents into program memory at address 0x1000, is there any special instructions in avr studio / avr-gcc to do so?
- Log in or register to post comments
TopSee: http://www.chami.com/tips/delphi/052098d.html
This script encodes any data file (binary or text) into a header suitable for perl, C/C++ or Pascal. So its great for including images, binary data or plain text.
To get C compatible output invoke the script like this:
Then you just include the header file into your program.
Since I had a number of files to convert I wrapped bin2hex in this bash script:
[edit]The text that starts with "perl" is all one line. Only "done" comes after on a line by itself[/edit]
This converts all of the files in the input/ directory into the output/ directory.
It also changes the name of the array to the name of the file (without extension).
Additionally it adds the PROGMEM attribute to each array, and a NULL termination since I want to deal with the data as a string.
As far as locating the string at a specific address in program memory: Are you sure this is necessary?
Once the header is included you can use the progmem access functions to retreive the data by name.
Hope that helps...
johnea
p.s. I attached the bin2hex.pl script for completeness. Although you'll need to rename bin2hex.txt to bin2hex.pl
Attachment(s):
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TopHello,
Super Tutorial... but???
Is it possible to use signed char or signed int with the whole PROGMEM buisness???
Regards
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TopSure, just use the pgm_read_byte() and pgm_read_word() functions, and cast the result to the appropriate type.
- Dean :twisted:
Make Atmel Studio better with my free extensions. Open source and feedback welcome!
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TopModerator note: @Decoder, I have spit the fault diagnosis of your program off from this thread and placed it in GCC forum as:
Problem using PROGMEM
THIS thread is not for diagnosing every last program that just happens to use PROGMEM but is for discussing the article in the first post.
Moderator
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TopAllo! As always a great tutorial Dean!
I was wondering if i could use PROGMEN with some EEMEM data. I have a huge array with EEPROM data pointers and it seems pity to overload my RAM with these.
Wil something like this work?
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TopThe EEPROM equivalent of "PROGMEM" is "EEMEM". You'd use:
there's a separate tutorial about the use of EEPROM in GCC in this forum.
(BTW it's PROGMEM not PROGMEN - it's short for PROGram MEMory)
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TopI have a quick question, if anyone here can help. I have a program where I have a large configuration struct that houses several different data types. Right now, I have two copies of this struct in EEPROM, which correspond to different configurations. I would like store defaults for each configuration in program memory, so a function like pgm_read_block (analogous to the eeprom_read_block I already use) would be very handy. I saw it mentioned earlier in the thread, but can't find it in pgmspace.h included with WinAVR-20100110. Is it an extension that I could find elsewhere, or will I have to write it myself?
Thanks.
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TopUse memcpy_P(), which works just like the regular memcpy() function, but uses a source located in FLASH memory space.
- Dean :twisted:
Make Atmel Studio better with my free extensions. Open source and feedback welcome!
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TopAwesome, that works great. Thanks Dean.
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TopThis tutorial was written time ago, but I find it still very useful *today*. So thank you very much, Dean :-)
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TopReally great tutorial Dean! thanks very much
I thinking about what is the best solution for language strings. Example: I have device with lcd display. The device supports 3 languages. There's about ~50 strings for each language (various length).
My idea is (I don't know if its correct) to create 3 different language strings for each text in progmem, sth like:
Additionally 1 table with pointers which point to currently using language strings, e.g.
Now if user change language in run-time, the pointers should change, and point to elements of diffrent language strings in progmem.
LCD 'write string' function (progmem version) should be language independent, e.g.
I don't know if it is efficiently solution, or even correct one. I'm still beginner and I'll be gratefull to everyone for help.
greetings!
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TopLooks pretty good to me - obviously the array of pointers itself has to be in RAM not PROGMEM if you plan to change language at run time. But you could keep the initialisers for each language themselves in PROGMEM and do something like a memcpy_P() to copy an entire set of language pointers into place in one go.
- Log in or register to post comments
Top- Log in or register to post comments
TopI found that this example (from this thread) works for me, whereas the example in the HOWTO does not work for me.
eg.
I am using avr-gcc 4.3.5 to compile a cpp sourcecode (inherited from my Arduino environment). The example in the HOWTO leaves me with mismatching typeconversion errors or section type conflicts when I use "const".
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TopQuestions:
1. Can we change the flash contents by changing the content of the variable using PROGMEM?
2. If question 1 is Yes, then correct me if I'm wrong, the flash sector has to be erased, then store data to it. So how does it work?
- Log in or register to post comments
TopPlease help!
I have a Atmega M1284P. Data changeable by user and it's used to store in EEPROM, but now decide to store in flash. Here is my Flash memory organize:
App Region: 0 - 0xFFFF
Data Region: 0x10000 to 0x1DFFF
Boot Region: 0x1E000 to 0x1FFFF
I provide 2 commands to user READ_Data and WRITE_Data with 3 parameters: U16_t ui16Address, U16_t ui16Len, U8_t * pui8Buffer
The READ_Data function has no problem, I can use pgm_read_byte_far( 0x10000 + ui16Addr) where ui16Addr is from 0 to 0xDFFF (used to be the EEPROM address).
For the WRITE_Data function, should I assign Data Region Address of the Flash to be 0x1000 to a PROMEM variable? How can I do it?
When initialize, the data is used to read to RAM data structure variables. To save RAM memory, so now I benefit to use Flash instead.
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TopCheck out morepgmspace.h by carlos llamas
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TopI don't think we can change the contents of the flash using these two utilities pgmspace.h and morepgmspace.h. We have to use boot_page_erase, boot_page_fill, boot_page_write in
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TopCorrect - this thread is about LPM not SPM.
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TopIs there my any chance some sort of "test suite" for the pgmspace.h functions and definitions? I'm working on a compatibility shim for non-AVR processors and prospect of testing everything is daunting...
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TopAt first thank you all for this good explanation.
I have compilation error:
I've googled it and the only thing I have found at the moment is that this error is fixed in AVRLibC 1.7.1.
But upgrading from my 1.6.8 to 1.7.1 changed nothing.
How could it be fixed?
P.S.
Please tell me if I should start new thread.
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TopYou should - this thread is only for making improvements/corrections to the original article. Start a thread in GCC. Say whether you are using C or C++ in it.
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TopThank you Clawson,
SPM doesn't support or disabled in Application Section, it works only in Bootloader Section. So there is NO WAY to change data in the flash when an app is running, user has to jump to BL mode to write data, then jump back to an app section. How do I read the program counter (PC) to save to EEPROM, so I could jump back to the application?
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TopIt's easy to write code that updates the flash at run time. As you say it just needs to use SPM and it has to be located in the bootloader section which is why
NOTE:
This thread is ONLY for discussing the original article about PROGMEM so I'm going to lock this thread now. If anyone has anything to add to correct/improve the original article then PM js, plons or clawson and ask one of us to temporarily unlock this thread to add your contribution.
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Topor otherwise:
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TopHi,
at first, thanks for the great tutorial, the explanations and all the comments. I've tried to read and understand everything, but...
I am using AVR STUDIO and the ATmega 162. Within a large program, I would like to strip down my SRAM usage and so I have defined a sort of terminal emulation field in the following way, now:
Compiling runs well, but then I try to read out a character at row position y and column position x at run-time, using:
But I receive an unexpected character for c . When debugging the memory location, I see that:
(1) The FLASH memory is now (different from the SRAM version) organised as WORDs, not BYTEs. So every address in memory holds two bytes.
(2) The start address of my field TERMSPEC_ANSI (shown in the tooltips) is way off the memory location where my field is now located within the FLASH.
Any suggestions? Any help how to address and retrieve the correct values?
Thanks.
Peter
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TopCan you try
& sign added. Don't ask me why :-)
John Samperi
Ampertronics Pty. Ltd.
https://www.ampertronics.com.au
* Electronic Design * Custom Products * Contract Assembly
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Toppgm_read_byte needs an address to an array element, not the array element itself.
"I may make you feel but I can't make you think" - Jethro Tull - Thick As A Brick
"void transmigratus(void) {transmigratus();} // recursio infinitus" - larryvc
"It's much more practical to rely on the processing powers of the real debugger, i.e. the one between the keyboard and chair." - JW wek3
"When you arise in the morning think of what a privilege it is to be alive: to breathe, to think, to enjoy, to love." - Marcus Aurelius
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TopThanks, John and Larry. In the end it was kinda obvious ;-)
The two questions in the last part of my recent posting will be concerned elsewhere, right? It rather has to do with the handling and displaying of FLASH locations within AVR STUDIO, not with the PROGMEM attribute itself.
Thanks.
Peter
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TopI think that it would be better if you asked that in a new thread in one of the Studio forums, whichever Studio you are using.
"I may make you feel but I can't make you think" - Jethro Tull - Thick As A Brick
"void transmigratus(void) {transmigratus();} // recursio infinitus" - larryvc
"It's much more practical to rely on the processing powers of the real debugger, i.e. the one between the keyboard and chair." - JW wek3
"When you arise in the morning think of what a privilege it is to be alive: to breathe, to think, to enjoy, to love." - Marcus Aurelius
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