Hello,
I've tried writing a 4th order IIR filter for the ATXMega256a3u.
Code shown below.
It works at 32MHz and should interupt 44.1K times every second as that is the sample rate of said filter.
However i've been told that using a timer interupt is basically a waste of time as it will never reach the speed that i need.
So i'm wondering what would be some alternatives to the timer interup to implement the sample rate of my filter?
Would an adc interupt work perhaps?
Kind regards Chris
Poll? Use a timer flag and check it's state regularly?
Jim
Maybe what Jim is stating is
volatile uint8_t go_for_it;
ISR(TCE0_OVF_vect) {
go_for_it = 1;
}
void foo(void) {
{
double voltage ; // contains read in voltage (mVolts)
int16_t res; // contains read in adc value
int16_t BinaryValue; // contains value to write to DAC
...
while (!DACB.STATUS & DAC_CH0DRE_bm);
}
int main() {
go_for_it = 0;
... set up timer ...
while (1) {
while (! go_for_it) { } /* wait */
foo();
go_for_it = 0;
}
}
No that is not what Jim mean !
If you have a ISR then just put the code there!
the wait while should be on the timer overflow bit. (but not with timer ISR bit enabled).
(when you do it this way remember that you have to clear the flag your self (where the ISR normally do it for you))
However i've been told that using a timer interupt is basically a waste of time as it will never reach the speed that i need.
Welcome to the Forum.
I didn't look at your program as I don't read C.
That said, processing data at 44.1 K Samples/Sec is challenging with a 32 MHz micro.
Whether or not it will work depends upon how complex the filter calculations are, plus the overhead for the User Interface, and finally doing something with the data, (export or whatever).
Typically, with a digital filter you truly want a precise and fixed sampling rate, (what all the digital filter algorithms are based upon).
So Using an ISR to read an ADC sample at a fixed rate is a good approach.
ISR fires, you read the last ADC sample, stuff it in a register or variable for the Main Loop to use for processing, and then trigger the ADC to obtain the next sample, and then exit the ISR.
The ADCc is then busy processing the next sample in hardware while the Main Loop is processing the data in software.
The kicker is that 44.1 K S/sec gives about 725 clock cycles between each ISR firing.
Most of the micro's instructions take 1 or 2 clock cycles.
The ISR will usually have to do some pushes and pops at the start and end of the ISR, to save and restore some registers, so each ISR has some overhead associated with it, which will use up some of the 725 clock cycles available.
So you need to be cognizant of how long it takes, (i.e. how many clock cycles), to process the data obtained for each ISR firing.
Fortunately, an IIR filter often isn't too computationally intensive, so you can likely pull this off just fine.
Recall, however, that you still need a few clock cycles for the UI and then doing something constructive with the filter output once you have it
You can use the simulator to count clock cycles for blocks of code.
Or you can set an I/O pin high on entering the ISR, and low on exiting the ISR, and see visually how much time the micro is spending within the ISR.
(In this case, with a fixed rate firing ISR, the ISR time is analogous to a PWM duty cycle.)
With this approach it is easy to see what proportion of the periodic interrupt cycle is devoted to the ISR, vs to the Main loop, but note that the ISR's pushes and pops are not included in the ISR pin high time.
The ISR does the initial pushes, then sets the pin high, runs your code, then sets the pin low, and then does the pops.
Before you can decide that you need to use some other approach, I think it is wise to determine the performance of your current approach, and see if it needs to be improved or not.
Know, also, that there are obviously different IIR filter implementations, depending upon whether it is mimicking a Butterworth Filter, Cheby Filter, or something else.
Sometimes there are good reasons for selecting a particular approach, sometimes you can look at the ease of filter implementation as a factor of filter selection.
If you find your self processor throughput limited with the Xmega, then know that MicroChip has their line of DSP Pics that are optimized for digital signal processing, and with which one might be confronted with less throughput bottlenecks.
JC
Edit:Typo
This might be for a Mega328 Timer1 OCR1A compare event and one way to poll.
int main( void ) {
.....
while (1) {
....
if (TIFR1 & (1<<OCF1A)) {
//do the timer event stuff
} //end OCRA1 compare event
...
} //end while(1)
} //end main()Another way might be
int main( void ) {
.....
while (1) {
....
while (!(TIFR1 & (1<<OCF1A))) {} //wait for compare event
//do the timer event stuff
...
} //end while(1)
} //end main()
Jim
@docjc it's an iir filter that uses the chebyshev response.
As for wether it reaches the required speed right now while using a timer overflow interupt i was told to just discard that option i could however still test it but i doubt it will work due to the advice ive been given
Polling might be an option. I havent done this before so i will look into it
Filters often require floating point, and that will be bad, at any speed, for a device with no math processing unit.
Jim
Its done in fixed point if you look at the code. As for what it does, is read adc apply the filter and output it on the dac. Nothing else
@ka7hehk
With you polling solution how would i decide the sample rate?
while (1) {
....
if (TIFR1 & (1<<OCF1A)) {
//do the timer event stuff
} //end OCRA1 compare event
I'm guessing TIFR1 is a timer interupt flag on R1 ? and outputcompare flag on 1A?
Would you mind adding to your explanation?
- Chris
If I understand the alternative being suggested, you would process your data and then sit in a loop watching for the Timer flag to signal that it is time to get the next sample.
The Timer/Counter again determines the sampling rate, although instead of it triggering an ISR, the code watches for it and then reads the sample and triggers the next ADC read, and then processes the data.
That would save you the overhead inherent to the ISR, the register pushes and pops.
That saves you a "few" clock cycles per ISR.
(How many likely depends upon your specific ISR code and the specific compiler being used.)
I mentioned before, it isn't clear to me why you are changing methodology when you have no hard data measurement upon which to determine if changing is necessary or not.
Someone "told you" to change, but they may or may not have a solid foundation for making that recommendation.
There have been other Threads about how much overhead, (how many clock cycles), it takes to enter and exit an ISR.
Looking at the program listing should give a good idea, or using the simulator to count the clock cycles would work.
If your current method almost works then saving 40ish clock cycles (?) might make a difference and make the alternative mode work.
But if the timing is that tight, then you don't have many clock cycles for the User Interface and stuffing the ADC.
JC
The person that told me is familiar with the software and also the one that fabricated the board for me. Which is why i trust it when he says that it will not work with a timer overflow interup which i am using right now.
Also the only thing the Xmega needs to do is read the adc and apply the filter then put it on the dac. there will be nothing else. No interface or anything.
So if i understand correctly it would like something like this in pseudo code:
While (1)
if counter is some value
Do filter stuff
reset counter value to do next stuff
- Chris
Polling may be somewhat jittery & give poor results...you want the sample time as exact as possible. Doing all the compares to see if it is the correct time must be have the same lag for each "passing" compare.
You can minimize the amount of pushing & popping waste, if you are careful. Let only the sample register be shared with the main, (or the results value if the filter is part of the irq). Truly, only the status register needs saved & any shared registers. Telling the compiler your intentions can be the headache.
====
notice you duplicate some variables & array element moves (yA & xB)....you can speed things up by doing this once, instead of doing the same thing twice with different arrays.
yA[2] = yA[1];
yA[1] = yA[0];
yA[0] = y2; // >> 14
// x_in of filter 2 is output of filter 1.
xB[2] = xB[1];
xB[1] = xB[0];
xB[0] = y2;
It may be the compiler is smart enough to detect this duplication & apply some optimization for you (it would have to go & research the initial values).....but I never count on that, if I can do it myself & assure is was done.
===============
Do you absolutely need such a fast sampling rate?
Option 1:
Using Interrupts at a fixed rate, (44.1 K Samples/Sec)
Do Do Read Flag that indicates there is a new value (Micro spends its spare time here) Loop Reset Flag Run Filter Algo Update DAC with new filter output value Loop ISR: (Invisible to you, done by compiler: Push Register X, Push Register Y, Push Register Z...) Read last ADC value and assign to a variable Trigger next ADC reading, (start ADC) Set a SW Flag that indicates the ISR generated a new data value to process (Invisible to you, done by compiler: Pop Z, Pop Y, Pop X...) Return
Option 2:
Using a Timer/Counter, again set for 44.1 K events/Second, but don't actually trigger an ISR
Do Run Filter Algo Update DAC with new filter output value Do Poll, (Continuously read), the T/C register awaiting it to indicate that it is time to get another ADC value (Micro spends its spare time here) Loop Read last ADC value and assign to a variable Trigger next ADC reading, (start ADC) Loop
You will have to look at the T/C options you have.
Sometimes Overflow isn't the best, as it might be hard to set it to 44.1 K Events/Sec.
You can use a different method to obtain more precise timing if needed.
Details depend upon the specific T/C being used.
Alternatively, one could read the T/C value, if > X then time to get the next value
Then reset the T/C to 0
Alternatively, one could read the T/C value, if > X then time to get the next value
Calculate the next T/C value, (instead of resetting it to 0)
Other options exist, also.
Both techniques are actually very similar.
JC
Not to be critical, because II am not, but I really do wonder why you need such a complex filter. What does Chebyshev give you in your application that, lets say, a 4-sample running average does not? N-sample running average just takes N bins (or a circular buffer). Sum N, right shift N times. Done. Take those N stored samples, shift the oldest one out, shift the newest one in, copy the sum to a working variable, Right shift N times. Done. Wash and repeat. You could easily do that in well less than 750 clock cycles.
Yes, I know that Chebyshev gives you the steepest rate of attenuation with frequency, but what do you get from that?
Jim
@ka7ehk
This filter is to learn how to make a digital filter more or less the same as the analog counter part and to learn timing critical implementations.
I've previously made other filters like the one you suggested but sadly that is not part of the assignment this time.
@docjc
I've previously used timers like this simple example.
#define F_CPU 2000000UL #include <avr/io.h> int main(void) { PORTC.DIRSET = PIN0_bm; TCE0.CTRLA = TC_CLKSEL_DIV8_gc; // prescaling 8 TCE0.PER = 0XFFFF; // maximal value while (1) { if ( TCE0.CNT >= 62500 ) { // 8*62500/2000000 = 0.25 s PORTC.OUTTGL = PIN0_bm; TCE0.CNT = 0; } } }
Having the timer count to a certain value which would correlate with the samplerate and then resetting it to 0 might be an option to reach the desired samplerate.
I'll have to look into the accuracy of the timer then.
- Chris
What do you mean when you say im duplicating values?
As xB,xA,yA,yB are the delay arrays for the filter coefficients and these values change.
Im useing 4 arrays as its a cascaded filter using 2 2nd order sections.
What do you mean when you say im duplicating values?
I'm using lazy typing here, but you have a 3 value "shift register:
ya2=ya1 ya1=ya0 ya0=y2 y2 is the input
xb2=xb1 xb1=xb0 xb0=y2 y2 is the input
After 3 samples they will have the exact same values (regardless of any initial starting values)...hence rather than waste time manipulating 2 sets of values (doing exact same thing twice)-- use only one set of values. I am sad you didn't see this when I mentioned it.
Admittedly, this would be more important if you had other big business going on & had to shave time used up by the filtering. Anything that is repeating that often can rapidly eat into 32 million instructions a second. Use your grains of sand wisely!
==========
You may as well put your filter in the IRQ & spit out the new DAC value there...since that is all you are doing & it makes things rather straightforward. My mention for polling was this (an extreme example)...say it took 15 instructions to extract the timer bytes, do multi-compares, branches & reset the timer). Since you don't know where you are in this 15 instruction loop at the moment of the event, there will be up to xx instruction jitter in the response. The worst if you just barely barely missed it while in the midst of the compares & don't detect until the next poll loop. The irq doesn't have this issue, but does have a very slight latency uncertainty.
gchapman Polling might be an option.
AN2535 AVR1300: Using the XMEGA ADC | Application Notes | Microchip Technology Inc.
(PDF, page 25)
3. Advanced Features
...
3.1 DMA Controller
...
3.2 Event System
...
via ATxmega256A3U - 8-bit AVR Microcontrollers
gchapman If you find your self processor throughput limited with the Xmega, then know that MicroChip has their line of DSP Pics that are optimized for digital signal processing, and with which one might be confronted with less throughput bottlenecks.
PIC32 Audio Decoders | Microchip Technology
Opus Codec is somewhat recent to PIC32; Opus is in C89 so it's mostly portable.
On what platforms does Opus run?
Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) Lattice Filters (arm)
As for what it does, is read adc apply the filter and output it on the dac. Nothing else
Nothing else? Ever?
If your finished code is only going to do is this then you don't need interrupts at all.
Set your ADC conversion rate to 44k14 and in main() you then...
poll on ADC ready
output previous result to DAC
calculate new DAC value via the filter
Jup thats all it does. Aparr from the very first time where it will initialize the dac and adc and maybe a timer.. Afterwards it does only that.
I didn't know you could set the adc conversion rate like that. Do you happen to have an example?
EDIT: This is how i've done it right now
void init_adc(void)
{
PORTA.DIRCLR = PIN2_bm|PIN3_bm;
ADCA.CH0.MUXCTRL = ADC_CH_MUXPOS_PIN2_gc | // PA2 (PIN A2) to + channel 0
ADC_CH_MUXNEG_GND_MODE3_gc; // GND to - channel 0
ADCA.CH0.CTRL = ADC_CH_INPUTMODE_DIFF_gc; // channel 0 differential
ADCA.REFCTRL = ADC_REFSEL_INTVCC_gc;
ADCA.CTRLB = ADC_RESOLUTION_12BIT_gc |
ADC_CONMODE_bm; // signed conversion
ADCA.PRESCALER = ADC_PRESCALER_DIV16_gc;
ADCA.CTRLA = ADC_ENABLE_bm;
}
int16_t read_adc(void) // return a signed
{
int16_t res;
ADCA.CH0.CTRL |= ADC_CH_START_bm;
while ( !(ADCA.CH0.INTFLAGS & ADC_CH_CHIF_bm) ) ;
res = ADCA.CH0.RES;
ADCA.CH0.INTFLAGS |= ADC_CH_CHIF_bm;
return res;
}
I believe to set the frequency to 44.1K, i would need to use the adc free run mode as well.
These are the features: Features
12-bit resolution
Up to two million samples per second
Two inputs can be sampled simultaneously using ADC and 1x gain stage
Four inputs can be sampled within 1.5µs
Down to 2.5µs conversion time with 8-bit resolution
Down to 3.5µs conversion time with 12-bit resolution
Using 32mhz and a prescaler of 256 would give me an ADC frequency of 32.000.000/256 = 125.000
32000000*(3.5*10^-6) would give me 112 samples per 3.5µs
125 000 / 112 would then be about 1100 samples
This seems a little low so i dont think my math is right
It works at 32MHz and should interupt 44.1K times every second
No of Cycles Available = 32E+6 / 44100 = 725 cy
I broke down your code into operatons:
5 x 32bit MultiplyAccumulate (MAC) {Y}
5 x 32bit MAC {Y2}
12 x 32bit move
4 x 32bit shift
fp_add + fp_mult + fp_div {voltage}
fp_mult {BinaryValue}
Oh Dear - I didn't complie it and count cycles but even without the floating point stuff I think you are slightly beyond the cycle count limit. The floating point stuff will kill performance massively.
Minor tinkering to replace the floats with integer maths may not solve this one. Time to move up to a 32-bit processor with hardware floating point.
{Edit}
Looking again, your delay pipelines may not need 32-bits but that only affects the moves. It's something to try though.
Yes i noticed that as well after ur comment after having a closer look i've changed them into 16bits. It might save a few cycles.
Also another thing that might help is overclocking the xmega to say 50MHz
I'm confused in #12 you wrote :
the only thing the Xmega needs to do is read the adc and apply the filter then put it on the dac.
That sounds like one analog input and one analog output but :
in #22 it sounds
a hole lot of things, are you planning on using external DAC's or are the inputs mixed to one DAC or ?
And about the use of chebyshev IIR filter, there is a reason for the use of FIR filters (other than the pure filter part)that is that they are much easier to scale, perhaps there are many multiplications but that's normally not the problem for modern chips. (and if you want to optimize often many filter coefficients can be 0. (often people forget that when they just use a program to find coefficients)
Basically the pastebin code is all it needs to do. The way it is now which is what needs to be changed is the timer overflow interupt.
It initializes the adc, dac and a timer through the use of functions.
Then it executes the math for the filter by using the adc read value from 1 input pin.
Then after the filter has done the math it outputs the answer to a dac pin in voltage.
- Chris
KerimF 
This is just an example of the topology I use for fast ADC with many calculations to perform, besides the user interface functions.
(But, the best MCU I am able to get is ATmega8. So the example below explores the general structure of the code only.)
; MCU= ATmega8, Xtal= 8 MHz
; initialized to read the first sample
CLR curSmpl ; counter for the indiect jump [IJMP]
; ADC is set for free running, prescaler 1/64 ==> 125 KHz
; ADC reading time = 13 ADC clocks / 125 KHz ==> 104 us ==> 832 MCU cycles
; sampling rate 1 / 104 us ==> 9615 KHz
MAIN_lp:
; loop till ADC ends reading [free running mode)
SBIS ADCSRA, ADIF
RJMP MAIN_lp ; no need to use ADC interrupt
; 'optional' to monitor the busy time of every function
SBI TIMEpin
SBI ADCSRA, ADIF ; to clear ADIF
; Beginning common code
IN tmpHiL, ADCL
STS ADCrd_L, tmpHiL
IN tmpHiL, ADCH
STS ADCrd_H, tmpHiL
;.................
; more common code
;.................
INC curSmpl
MOV tmpHiL, curSmpl
CPI tmpHiL, SMPLnmbr ; SMPLnmbr=8 here, could be up to 255
BRLO MAINend
; if curSmpl >= SMPLnmbr , reset curSmpl
CLR curSmpl
MAINend:
; Indirect jump via ZH:ZL [MCU flash word address]
LDI ZH, high(SMPL000) ; SMPL000: is index of IJMP table, 0x??00
MOV ZL, curSmpl
IJMP ; see table below, here ??=0F (highest value for IJMP)
;==============================================
func_00:
;...
RJMP END_act
func_01:
;...
RJMP END_act
func_02:
;...
RJMP END_act
;...
;...
func_07:
;...
RJMP END_act
;==============================================
END_act:
;...................
; Ending common code
;...................
; 'optional' to monitor the busy time of every function
CBI TIMEpin
RJMP MAIN_lp
;-----------------------
; *** Indirect jumps ***
;-----------------------
.org 0x0F00
SMPL000: RJMP func_00
SMPL001: RJMP func_01
SMPL002: RJMP func_02
SMPL003: RJMP func_03
SMPL004: RJMP func_04
SMPL005: RJMP func_05
SMPL006: RJMP func_06
SMPL007: RJMP func_07
Sorry if the assembly code above doesn't help.
I use C for PC programs only, not for MCU firmware.
You can divide all your constants by 2,4,8,16,etc so the final total result will be no more than 16 bits. That will save a lot of calc steps. As mentioned, you don't need xb2/1/0 (same as ya2/1/0), saving even more steps.
Make sure you put an RC filter ahead of the adc to cut off any high freq that might become aliased into the sample/filter.
@kerim thanks for the input but my assembler knowledge is about 2 lines i'm sorry.
@avrcandies Wouldn't dividing cause even more errors? just like the fixed point, which could potentially alter the filter characteristics such as the cutoff.
On a side note i've managed to get 48MHz using PLL which could give me 1.5times the clock cycles as before.
On a side note i've managed to get 48MHz using PLL
Yes, but...
It seems you are doing this mostly for learning:
This filter is to learn how to make a digital filter more or less the same as the analog counter part and to learn timing critical implementations.
I've previously made other filters like the one you suggested but sadly that is not part of the assignment this time.
but it is probably worth mentioning that although the digital logic within the Xmega might well run at 48 MHz, (3V, Room Temp), there is some doubt as to how well the analog portions of the chip will function at the higher, (out of spec), clock speeds.
So, for learning the process, no big deal.
For a real project, it might matter a lot if the ADC or the DAC wasn't operating as expected.
JC
I think you are slightly beyond the cycle count limit
I didn't see any hard filter spec's in the OP, and it subsequently appears that its a 2nd order filter. ( " as its a cascaded filter using 2 2nd order sections.")
I decided to try it on an Xmega32E5, 3V, 32 MHz.
I (think) I implemented at 2nd order, Butterworth, IIR LPF, (Samp rate 44.1 KHz, Cutoff Freq: 10 KHz).
I "read" the ADC, process the filter, and feed the DAC.
But I haven't hooked up a signal generator to see if the filter actually works...
From some rough O'scope measurement:
Timing wise, my ISR is firing at ~ every 24.2 uSec, for an ISR rate of 41.322 KHz.
(Not quite the original spec of 44.1 KHz).
My ISR and Main Loop calcs take a variable amount of time, presumably based upon the (nosie as signal) ADC values.
I end up with, on the O'scope, about 1 uSec of "free time" before the next ISR fires.
I think I'd break it cascading a second stage..., (2, 2nd order filters).
But clearly a 1st order or a 2nd order (Butterworth) IIR is doable, in spec.
JC
Wouldn't dividing cause even more errors? just like the fixed point, which could potentially alter the filter characteristics such as the cutoff.
Yes, but you will almost certainly NOT notice. Is your head calibrated to match a certain spectrum?
I understand it's fun to try some stuff out though.
I've attempted to make something of the suggestions in the thread but i'm now stuck on event syncing also im not sure if at this point i should make a new thread for this?
Here is the code snippet.
I'm trying to trigger the adc conversion by a timer to set a specified sample rate as suggested. I did this by linking the overflow to channel 0 like so EVSYS.CH0MUX = EVSYS_CHMUX_TCC0_OVF_gc;
Then on the adc side i'm stuck on these 2 lines:
Im trying to sweep channel 0 of the adc as that is my only input and then do this by the event 0 overflow from the timer.
ADCA.EVCTRL = ADC_SWEEP_0_gc | ADC_EVSEL_0123_gc | ADC_EVACT_SYNCSWEEP_gc; /* Sweep channel 0, trigger using event channel 0, sync sweep on event */
Here im trying to trigger the conversion finish interupt after which my filter will use this sample to do its math so my interupt for the main loop is on channel 0 of the ADC
ADCA.CH0.INTCTRL = ADC_CH_INTMODE_COMPLETE_gc | ADC_CH_INTLVL_LO_gc; /* Trigger a low-level interrupt on completion of the CH0 conversion */
Both ADC and timer can be seen in the pastebin.
Also the timer is a bit bloated i believe.
- Chris
im not sure if at this point i should make a new thread for this?
I'd suggest that if you have further questions concerning the methodology of implementing your filter, ISR vs no ISR, etc., that that discussion stay here.
If you want to discuss the operation of the Xmega Event System, then I'd think that would be fair game for a new Thread.
(I am using Xmega xyz, I want to use the Event System to automatically trigger …)
I think learning to efficiently integrate the Event System into one's project can be a rather steep learning curve.
Doesn't mean you shouldn't tackle it, it just means you need to be prepared to spend a lot of hours at the bench with your favorite debugging tools.
JC
clawson 
Here is the code snippet.
#include <avr/io.h>
int main(void) {
PORTB = 0x55;
}
I'm sorry i was unaware of people being unable to acces pastebin it was meant so that my post wouldnt get cluttered.
This is the code van from the pastebin:
void init_adc(void)
{
PORTA.DIRCLR = PIN2_bm|PIN3_bm;
ADCA.CH0.MUXCTRL = ADC_CH_MUXPOS_PIN2_gc | // PA2 (PIN A2) to + channel 0
ADC_CH_MUXNEG_GND_MODE3_gc; // GND to - channel 0
ADCA.CH0.CTRL = ADC_CH_GAIN_1X_gc | ADC_CH_INPUTMODE_DIFF_gc; /* Diff in, not using the gainblock */
ADCA.REFCTRL = ADC_REFSEL_INTVCC_gc;
ADCA.CTRLB = ADC_CURRLIMIT_NO_gc | ADC_RESOLUTION_12BIT_gc | ADC_CONMODE_bm; /* Enable signed mode, 12-bit conversion */
ADCA.EVCTRL = ADC_SWEEP_0_gc | ADC_EVSEL_0123_gc | ADC_EVACT_SYNCSWEEP_gc; /* Sweep channel 0, trigger using event channel 0, sync sweep on event */
ADCA.PRESCALER = ADC_PRESCALER_DIV32_gc; // 48MHz/32 = 1.5M
ADCA.CTRLA = ADC_ENABLE_bm;
PMIC.CTRL |= PMIC_LOLVLEN_bm; // low level interupt for adc conversion
ADCA.CH0.INTCTRL = ADC_CH_INTMODE_COMPLETE_gc | ADC_CH_INTLVL_LO_gc; /* Trigger a low-level interrupt on completion of the CH0 conversion */
}
void init_timer_test(void){
/* Init the timer/PWM and associated I/Os */
TCC0.CTRLB = TC0_CCAEN_bm | TC_WGMODE_SINGLESLOPE_gc; /* PWM on CCA */
TCC0.CTRLD = TC_EVACT_OFF_gc | TC_EVSEL_OFF_gc; /* No events */
TCC0.CTRLE = TC_BYTEM_NORMAL_gc; /* No byte mode */
TCC0.PER = 2400; // 48MHz/2400 = 20KHz
TCC0.INTCTRLA = TC_ERRINTLVL_OFF_gc | TC_OVFINTLVL_OFF_gc; /* All timer interrupts off */
TCC0.INTCTRLB = TC_CCAINTLVL_OFF_gc | TC_CCBINTLVL_OFF_gc | TC_CCCINTLVL_OFF_gc | TC_CCDINTLVL_OFF_gc; /* Disable Compare/Capture interrupts */
TCC0.CNT = 0;
TCC0.CTRLA = TC_CLKSEL_DIV1_gc; /* Start the timer with a clock divider of 1 */
EVSYS.CH0MUX = EVSYS_CHMUX_TCC0_OVF_gc; // Connect TCC0 overflow to event channel 0, allowing us to trigger on this interupt http://asf.atmel.com/docs/latest/xmegaa/html/adc_use_case_2.html
PORTC.DIRSET = PIN0_bm;
PORTC.OUTCLR = PIN0_bm;
PORTF.DIRSET = PIN0_bm | PIN1_bm;
PORTF.OUTCLR = PIN0_bm | PIN1_bm;
}
d
i'm not sure if i truly understand but what you are saying is that i should have a rough estimate of the ISR time for my filter?
And then make it so that every ISR is the same time to reduce timing issues?
In the ISR simply output the dac value first (using the previously calculated filter values from the last time)..this will be a known, constant delay.
Next, take your new ADC reading & calculate the filter values. Any input or output jitter is simply the timer IRQ latency response time, since the dac write/adc read is fixed with respect to the irq.
Since nothing is done in main, there are no variables needing shared with main. While it is recommended to make IRQs as quick as possible, in this case there is nothing else to do so it seems a reasonable tradeoff for easy implementation.
This is what i've made of it now. I've changed the interupt to your suggestion and do the dac first and i've added a port so that i can check with my oscilloscope for the actual timing of the interupt.
It's a little messy but i hope this is what you meant.
#define F_CPU 48000000
#include "clksys_driver.h"
#include <avr/io.h>
#include <avr/interrupt.h>
#include <util/delay.h>
//ADC_voltage:
#define MAX_VALUE_ADC 2047 // only 11 bits are used
#define VCC 3.30
#define VREF (((double) VCC) / 1.6) // maximal value is 2.06125 V
//DAC
#define MAX_VALUE_DAC 4095
#define CAL_DAC 1.000 // Calibration value DAC
int16_t xA[3] = {0};
int16_t yA[3] = {0};
int16_t xB[3] = {0};
int16_t yB[3] = {0};
int32_t y2 = 0;
int32_t y = 0;
// Times 2^14 for fixed point
int32_t a10 = 16384;
int32_t a11 = -28286;
int32_t a12 = 12253;
int32_t b10 = 88;
int32_t b11 = 176;
int32_t b12 = 88;
int32_t a20 = 16384;
int32_t a21 = -30541;
int32_t a22 = 14537;
int32_t b20 = 95;
int32_t b21 = 190;
int32_t b22 = 95;
double voltage ; // contains read in voltage (mVolts)
int16_t res; // contains read in adc value
int16_t BinaryValue; // contains value to write to DAC
void init_timer_test(void){
/* Init the timer/PWM and associated I/Os */
TCC0.CTRLB = TC0_CCAEN_bm | TC_WGMODE_SINGLESLOPE_gc; /* PWM on CCA */
TCC0.CTRLD = TC_EVACT_OFF_gc | TC_EVSEL_OFF_gc; /* No events */
TCC0.CTRLE = TC_BYTEM_NORMAL_gc; /* No byte mode */
TCC0.PER = 2400; // 48MHz/2400 = 20KHz
TCC0.INTCTRLA = TC_ERRINTLVL_OFF_gc | TC_OVFINTLVL_OFF_gc; /* All timer interrupts off */
TCC0.INTCTRLB = TC_CCAINTLVL_OFF_gc | TC_CCBINTLVL_OFF_gc | TC_CCCINTLVL_OFF_gc | TC_CCDINTLVL_OFF_gc; /* Disable Compare/Capture interrupts */
TCC0.CNT = 0;
TCC0.CTRLA = TC_CLKSEL_DIV1_gc; /* Start the timer with a clock divider of 1 */
EVSYS.CH0MUX = EVSYS_CHMUX_TCC0_OVF_gc; // Connect TCC0 overflow to event channel 0, allowing us to trigger on this interupt http://asf.atmel.com/docs/latest/xmegaa/html/adc_use_case_2.html
PORTC.DIRSET = PIN0_bm;
PORTC.OUTCLR = PIN0_bm;
PORTF.DIRSET = PIN0_bm | PIN1_bm;
PORTF.OUTCLR = PIN0_bm | PIN1_bm;
}
void init_dac(void){
DACB.CTRLC = DAC_REFSEL_AVCC_gc;
DACB.CTRLB = DAC_CHSEL_SINGLE_gc;
DACB.CTRLA = DAC_CH0EN_bm | DAC_ENABLE_bm;
}
void init_adc(void){
PORTA.DIRCLR = PIN2_bm|PIN3_bm;
ADCA.CH0.MUXCTRL = ADC_CH_MUXPOS_PIN2_gc | // PA2 (PIN A2) to + channel 0
ADC_CH_MUXNEG_GND_MODE3_gc; // GND to - channel 0
ADCA.CH0.CTRL = ADC_CH_GAIN_1X_gc | ADC_CH_INPUTMODE_DIFF_gc; /* Diff in, not using the gainblock */
ADCA.REFCTRL = ADC_REFSEL_INTVCC_gc;
ADCA.CTRLB = ADC_CURRLIMIT_NO_gc | ADC_RESOLUTION_12BIT_gc | ADC_CONMODE_bm; /* Enable signed mode, 12-bit conversion */
ADCA.EVCTRL = ADC_SWEEP_0_gc | ADC_EVSEL_0123_gc | ADC_EVACT_SYNCSWEEP_gc; /* Sweep channel 0, trigger using event channel 0, sync sweep on event */
ADCA.PRESCALER = ADC_PRESCALER_DIV32_gc; // 48MHz/32 = 1.5M
ADCA.CTRLA = ADC_ENABLE_bm;
PMIC.CTRL |= PMIC_LOLVLEN_bm; // low level interupt for adc conversion
ADCA.CH0.INTCTRL = ADC_CH_INTMODE_COMPLETE_gc | ADC_CH_INTLVL_LO_gc; /* Trigger a low-level interrupt on completion of the CH0 conversion */
}
static void InitClocks(void){
CLKSYS_XOSC_Config( OSC_FRQRANGE_12TO16_gc, 0, OSC_XOSCSEL_XTAL_16KCLK_gc );
CLKSYS_Enable( OSC_XOSCEN_bm );
do {} while ( CLKSYS_IsReady( OSC_XOSCRDY_bm ) == 0 );
CLKSYS_PLL_Config( OSC_PLLSRC_XOSC_gc, 3);
CLKSYS_Enable( OSC_PLLEN_bm );
do {} while ( CLKSYS_IsReady( OSC_PLLRDY_bm ) == 0 );
CLKSYS_Main_ClockSource_Select( CLK_SCLKSEL_PLL_gc );
CLKSYS_Disable( OSC_RC2MEN_bm );
CLKSYS_Disable( OSC_RC32MEN_bm );
}
ISR(ADCA_CH0_vect){ // TIMER Interupt for 20k samples/s triggers on each sample.
PORTD.DIRCLR = PIN7_bm;
while (!DACB.STATUS & DAC_CH0DRE_bm);
DACB.CH0DATA = BinaryValue ; //write &USBDataIn to DAC (PIN A10)
res = ADCA.CH0.RES; // Read out the ADC (PIN A2)
// b(1)* (x(n)+(x(n-1)<<1)+x(n-2)) simplification: b(1)=b(3)=0.5*b(2)
y2 = b10* xA[0]+ b11 *xA[1]+ b12*xA[2]+ a11*yA[1] + a12*yA[2]; // 1st 2nd order y2 = b10* xA[0]+ b11 *xA[1]+ b12*xA[2]- a11*yA[1] - a12*yA[2];
y = b20* xB[0]+ b21 *xB[1]+ b22*xB[2]+ a21*yB[1] + a22*yB[2]; //2nd 2nd order
// 1st 2nd order delays
//x_in = res (output value of adc)
xA[2] = xA[1];
xA[1] = xA[0];
xA[0] = res;
yA[2] = yA[1]; // this still needs to be changed
yA[1] = yA[0];
yA[0] = y2; // >> 14
// x_in of filter 2 is output of filter 1.
xB[2] = xB[1];
xB[1] = xB[0];
xB[0] = y2; // 2d 2nd order delays this was res(input) at first now its the output of filter 1 aka y2
yB[2] = yB[1];
yB[1] = yB[0];
yB[0] = y;
res = (short)(y >>14); // divided by 16384 or 2^14 voltage = y>>14 not sure if this is right.
voltage = res * 1000.0 * VREF / (MAX_VALUE_ADC + 1.0); // Measured voltage in Volts.
BinaryValue = voltage*((MAX_VALUE_DAC)/(VCC))*0.001*CAL_DAC ; // Bitvalue
PORTD.DIRSET = PIN7_bm;
}
int main(void)
{
PORTD.DIRSET = PIN7_bm;
InitClocks();
init_timer_test();
init_dac();
init_adc();
// PORTCFG.CLKEVOUT = PORTCFG_CLKOUT_PD7_gc; // output CLK value on pin D7
sei(); //Enable interrupts
while (1)
{
}
}
You still duplicate the YA & XB values, so one set can be eliminated, if you are close to running low on time.
Why do you have to wait on the dac? Hopefully, you don't so that the timing is not varied
while (!DACB.STATUS & DAC_CH0DRE_bm);
Yes i know its still duplicated thats why i commented that it still needs to be changed. It was just to make the math clear for myself.
And i could probably remove the while loop as the dac should be ready at that point.
I'm still not quite sure if this line is right though
ADCA.EVCTRL = ADC_SWEEP_0_gc | ADC_EVSEL_0123_gc | ADC_EVACT_SYNCSWEEP_gc; /* Sweep channel 0, trigger using event channel 0, sync sweep on event */
I was unable to really find much about ADC sweeping for 1 channel and linking it to a timer overflow.
- Chris
d
Thank you for the reply this is very informative.
My application is just to test a few things and to learn stuff.
So the specs i've made for my filter are 1% THD in the passband of the filter so from 1 to 600hz and some dB gain for the filter other than that it needs the sample rate so i can get my filter shape with the nyquist theorem in mind.
and i see that i made a mistake with the port checking for the interupt time it should be like this :
PORTD.OUTSET = PIN7_bm; // make high
PORTD.OUTCLR = PIN7_bm; // make low
PORTD.DIRSET = PIN7_bm;
And this enables the output of pin 7
Also, i have a 4channel oscilloscope to do measurements.
EDIT: i have perhaps found an alternative to using the interupt by using a while loop and checking for the interupt flags and then clearing them at the end. Which i found in AVR document 1517 and is used in this example https://github.com/Synapseware/xmega-intro/blob/master/avr1517-adc/code/Solutions/task4.c Not sure if this is actually faster though, so that will have to be tested.
- Chris
by using a while loop and checking for the interupt flags and then clearing them at the end.
Why on earth would you do that? Just set up a timer to do an IRQ at 44.1 KHz (every 22.676us)
a) Write the dac using the latest filter value
b) Read/Remember the latest adc value (is ready & available) & Start a new adc conversion (will/must be finished before the next irq)*
c) Calc a new filter value from the remembered adc value
d) Exit irq & wait for next irq.
Note there is NO checking of any flags, since that adds a timing uncertainty.
* note 44 KHz is too fast for the standard mega series, which has about 15.5KHz max sampling, at 10 bits.
Allright i will stick to the code i posted earlier then and test it somewhere tommorow, thank you.
-Chris
Allright i will stick to the code i posted earlier then and test it somewhere tommorow, thank you.
Testing it in your chip would be the best place!!
Having tested it, it doesnt work sadly
The interupt routine works but the filter doesnt.. It seems to oscilate even without an input signal which seems odd to me.
gchapman Hello,
Im not sure what you mean by this.
The input is a 1v sine wave.
And the formula is the same as the code posted a few replies above.
EDIT: The interupt works as having the ADC input directly on the dac gives the same signal.
However once the filter code gets added it does what can be seen in the picture posted earlier. It does this with or without an input and it behaves the same. Which is why im pretty sure it's the fault of the filter code.
- Chris
gchapman Im not sure what you mean by this.
Recursive Filter Design | The Scientist and Engineer's Guide to Digital Signal Processing
...
Don't use random numbers here, or the initial filter will be unstable.
...
(more than the filter's coefficients)
More causes of oscillation : overflow, underflow, imprecision
Using Integers | The Scientist and Engineer's Guide to Digital Signal Processing
...
... or even make it unstable.
...
Appreciate seeing the references to my favorite DSP book.
Jim
The input can be irrelevant---meaning you may have designed a filter feedback that is unstable (an oscillator)...
Have you tried your coefficints in a filter simulation/analysis package to measure the gain margin & phase margin? You could use matlab, matrixx, and many other packages.
The input can be irrelevant---meaning you may have designed a filter feedback that is unstable (an oscillator)...
Have you tried your coefficints in a filter simulation/analysis package to measure the gain margin & phase margin? You could use matlab, matrixx, and many other packages.
Got it to work after some tweaking.
The error was in the bit shifting which caused an overflow.
It's fixed now and samples 44.1k times
- Chris
